Title: Hebrew Grammar Quest / 2. Lessons 4-11 / Lesson 04 / Lesson 04 B. Grammar
Tags: Grammar hebrew::ch_04 009 008 013

Prompt: What are the endings for masculine singular (ms) nouns?
Answer: Almost all MS nouns are endingless. A few MS nouns end with ה ֶ
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: What is the most common ending for feminine singular (fs) nouns?
Answer: Most FS nouns end in (accented) ה ָ
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: List the ending for masculine dual (MD) nouns.
Answer: בַ֫יִם
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

Prompt: List the two endings for feminine dual (FD) nouns.
Answer: בַ֫יִם   ׀   בָתַ֫יִם
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

Q: MASCULINE PLURAL ENDINGS
[List the usual ending for masculine plural (mp) nouns.]
[List the irregular MP ending.]
A: בִים (usual)  (defective is בִם); בוֹת (irregular)   (defective is בֹת)
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3 4.5

Q: FEMININE PLURAL ENDINGS
Regular: [List the usual ending for feminine plural (FP) nouns.]
Irregular: [List the irregular FP ending.]
A: וֹת; ים‎.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3, 4.5

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun with no ending.
Answer: Usually MS; occasionally FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with  ה ֶ
Answer: MS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with (accented) ה ָ
Answer: FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with  ת ַ
Answer: FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with  ת ֶ
Answer: FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with ית ִ
Answer: FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with וּת
Answer: FS
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.2

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with  יִם  ַ֫
Answer: Usually MD; occasionally FD
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with  תַ֫יִם  ָ
Answer: FD
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

Prompt: What is a Geminate noun?
Answer: A noun that used to end with a repeated consonant. (e.g., אמם). The lexical form drops the doubled consonant.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.5

Prompt: What does it mean to "reduce" a vowel?
Answer: Change a long vowel to a reduced vowel
Most often to Vocal Shewa, as in from דָבָר  to דְּבָרִים.
Gutturals reduce to a Hateph vowel (usually בֲ) instead
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

How can you usually find the lexical form of a plural or dual noun?
1. Remove the plural or dual ending
2. If needed, add a singular ending
3. For geiminate nouns, remove the Dagesh Forte when it lacks a vowel
4. Often change other vowels if the number of syllables changed in any of the first three steps.
Back Extra: reduced vowels often become regular vowels but vowel letters do not change
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.7

Prompt: When does the Rule of Sheva happen?
Answer: When there would be two reduced vowels in a row at the beginning of a word.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Prompt: Which vowels does the Rule of Sheva affect? Why?
Answer: The reduced vowels: Vocal Sheva and Hateph vowels
Why?  Because two reduced vowels cannot stand.
Note that Silent Sheva is not affected by the Rule of Sheva because it is not a Reduced Vowel.  Silent Sheva is not a vowel at all.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְבְ; בִבְ
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְאֲ; בַאֲ
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *אֲבְ; אַבְ
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְּאֱ; בֶּאֱ
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
With Hateph Seghol, אֱלֹהִים is an exception. The Aleph quiesces and the Vocal Sheva of the preceding letter (almost always a one-letter preposition) lengthens to Tsere  אֱלֹהִים + לְ = לֵאלֹהִים
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *אֱבְ; אֶבְ
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְאֳ; בָאֳ (Qamets Hatuf)
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel takes on the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
When you see the בָ vowel before a Hateph Qamets Hatuf, the first vowel is Qamets Hatuf (Short O)
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *אֳבְ; אָבְ  (Qamets Hatuf)
Back Extra: When either of the two letters is a Guttural and the other is Vocal Sheva, the first reduced vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel
This vowel sequence is potentially ambiguous. It could be a Qamets Hatuf before a vocal Sheva,  or it could be a Qamets before a silent Sheva. The latter is much more common.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְיְ; בִי
Back Extra: When second consonant is Yod, the Yod drops the Sheva.
There is a special situation with the Tetragrammaton: בַיהוָה
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְּאֱלֹהִים; בֵּאלֹהִים
Back Extra: Special situation with אֱלֹהִים - the Aleph quiesces resulting in a lengthening of the first vowel.  What would have been a Seghol is now a Tsere
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: RULE OF SHEVA
Before Rule of Sheva [...]
After Rule of Sheva [...]
A: *בְיְהוָה; בַיהוָה
Back Extra: Special situation with the Tetragrammaton.  Instead of Hireq+Yod we write Patach+Yod.   We recommend memorizing this form that applies to any prefix before the name of Adonai.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Prompt: Identify the gender and number for a noun ending with
Answer: plural, usually feminine - defective of וֹת
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.3

Prompt: If a word has vowel pattern sheva-qamets in an inflected form, what might be its vowel pattern in the lexical form?
Answer: A Segholate noun
[or similar patterns]
E.g., מְלָכִים is from מֶ֫לֶךְ
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.5

Prompt: Where in a word is Dagesh Forte always rejected, regardless of consonant?
Answer: Daghesh Forte is droped in a word-final consonant without a vowel.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.5

Q: RULE OF SHEVA I
[What is the rule of Sheva?]
[Where in a word does this occur?]
A: Two consecutive reduced vowels cannot stand; This occurs at the beginning of a word. When two contiguous sheva occur within a word, the first Sheva is silent (a Silent Sheva is not a reduced vowel, not a vowel at all) and the second Sheva is Vocal.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.6

Q: A noun's gender is always directly related to biological gender.
[True or False?]
A: FALSE
Back Extra: There is nothing inherently masculine about a סֵ֫פֶר, and there is nothing inherently feminine about תּוֹרָה
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.1

Q: DUAL FORMS
שַׁמַ֫יִם heaven, sky
מִצְרַ֫יִם Egypt
מַ֫יִם water
[What is unique about these three words?]
A: These are words that have the dual ending but are usually translated as singular.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.4

Q: What is a "Segholate Noun"?
[...]
A: A two-syllable noun where the accent is on the first syllable.
Back Extra: Commonly, but not always, both vowels in the word will be Seghols = דֶּ֫רֶךְ
Exceptions include סֵ֫פֶר with only one Seghol, and נַ֫עַר with no Seghol.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.5

Q: How are Segholate nouns pluralized?
[...]
A: Vocal Sheva/Hateph under the first consonant and Qamets under the second, followed by the normal MP or FP ending.
Back Extra: - מֶ֫לֶךְ to מְלָכִים
- סֵ֫פֶר to סְפָרִים
- נַ֫עַר to נְעָרִים
Other fields (not shown on cards):
HGQ Book Section: 4.5

Q: Rule of Sheva II
[What happens because of the Rule of Sheva?]
A: If there would be 2 reduced vowels in a row, the first reduced vowel changes into the corresponding short vowel.

Q: Rule of Sheva Vowel Changes
- Two Vocal Sheva at the beginning of a word [undergo what changes?]
- One/both Hateph vowels at the beginning of a word: [undergo what changes?]
A: becomes Hireq + Silent Sheva; the first vowel becomes the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel; the second vowel remains reduced