Title: Hebrew Grammar Quest / 3. Lessons 12-23 / Lesson 18 / Lesson 18 B. Grammar
Tags: Grammar hebrew::ch_18

Prompt: List the volitional conjugations and their parsing codes.
Answer: Imperative (M), Cohortative (C), Jussive (J)

Prompt: What do the volitional conjugations mean?
Answer: • They express a persons will (a wish, desire, purpose, command, exhortation, etc.).
• Occasionally they express a result, even if unintended

- Imperative = 2nd Person Volitional
- Cohortative = 1st Person Volitional
- Jussive = 3rd Person Volitional
Reference: 2nd person Jussive forms also occur

Prompt: How is the Imperative formed?
Answer: Remove the preformative from the imperfect.
• Adjust the initial vowel if begins with two shewas.
• 2ms often adds בְבָה to end, and has either Hireq or Qamets Hatuf under the first root consonant.

Prompt: How is a Cohortative verb usually spelled?
Answer: Like a 1st-person imperfect (1cs / 1cp)
• It may end in  ה ָ

Prompt: How is a Jussive verb usually spelled?
Answer: Usually like a 3rd-person imperfect
• Can be like a 2nd-person imperfect if negated by אַל
• The spelling may be shortened in some weak verbs

Prompt: What structurally can distinguish Jussive and Cohortative verbs from Imperfect verbs?
Answer: Word placement
• Jussive and Cohortative forms are usually the first word in a clause
• An Imperfect without a Vav Consecutive is not usually the first word in a clause

Prompt: What is the general rule for V1 of a Qal Imperative?
Answer: "V1 IS reduced, or WAS reduced"
- IS a reduced vowel, OR
- WAS a reduced vowel that was lengthened because of the Rule of Sheva
Exceptions: 1Yod, 1Nun, Biconsonantal, Geminate, or has a pronominal suffix or בָה

Prompt: How are biconsonantal verbs spelled in the QM?
Answer: Remove the preformative from the QI, as usual
- VS is the lexical vowel: ק֫וּם, בּ֫וֹא, etc.
- the "V1 is or was reduced" guideline does not apply

Prompt: How does the particle נָא help with parsing?
Answer: When present, it only follows a volitional verb.
In other words, when נָא immediately follows a verb, the verb is in a volitional conjugation.

Prompt: How should the particle נָא be translated?
Answer: "please", "now", or leave untranslated
Older translations may render as "prithee"

Prompt: Which conjugation is a 3ה verb that ends in ה ֵ ?
Answer: Imperative (M2ms)
{This is true in all stems, not just the Qal}

Prompt: What is one potential distinction between Jussive and Imperfect forms with 3ה and biconsonantal verbs?
Answer: The spelling of the jussive can be shortened when compared to the imperfect
• For 3ה verbs, the jussive 3ms and 3fs drop the final vowel letter of the 3ה imperfect.
• For biconsonantal verbs, the jussive sometimes uses a normal vowel instead of a vowel letter.

Prompt: How is a negative command ('Don't …!') written?  (Two options: provide the negating word and the conjugation)
Answer: Use לֹא + imperfect (for permanent prohibitions) or אַל + jussive (for immediate/temporary prohibitions).
• The imperative is never negated.